|
ALPHABET |
|
|
c / ĉ |
«ö» / «÷» |
|
ĝ |
«äæ» |
|
j / ĵ |
«é» / «æ» |
|
ŝ |
«ø» |
|
ŭ |
w as in west |
|
VERBS |
|
|
mi parolas |
I speak, I am speaking |
|
mi parolis |
I spoke, I was speaking |
|
mi parolos |
I will speak |
|
paroli |
to speak |
|
parolu! |
speak! |
|
mi parolu |
I should speak |
|
mi parolus |
I would speak |
|
PRONOUNS |
|
|
mi / ni |
I, me / we, us |
|
vi / vi |
you / you |
|
li; ŝi; ĝi / ili |
he, him; she, her; it /
they, them |
|
|
|
|
si |
«-ñÿ» |
|
oni |
àíãë. «one»: One can see… |
|
Adding -a to a pronoun makes it
possessive. mia =
my. These possessive pronouns
behave in the same manner as adjectives, in that they can go before or after
the noun, and they will be in the plural (and accusative, see below) if the
noun is also. “My house” could be mia
domo or domo mia. |
Affixes
are the elements which are most often used to modify the meanings of root
words, although they can stand as root words if logic permits. Those affixes
which come at the beginnings of words are called prefixes,
those found at the ends of roots are called suffixes. The very last part of a
complete Esperanto word is the grammatical ending, for example, one of the
endings used above to create verbs.
Prefixes
|
bo- |
in-law |
filo |
son |
bofilo |
son-in-law |
|
dis- |
separation |
doni |
to give |
disdoni |
to distribute |
|
eks- |
former |
edzo |
husband |
eksedzo |
ex-husband |
|
ek- |
start |
vidi |
to see |
ekvidi |
to catch a glimpse of |
|
fi- |
immoral |
libro |
book |
filibro |
dirty book |
|
ge- |
both sexes |
patro |
father/parent |
gepatroj |
parents |
|
mal- |
opposite (note: not
"bad") |
varma |
warm |
malvarma |
cold |
|
pra- |
long ago |
historio |
history |
prahistorio |
prehistory |
|
re- |
again |
legi |
to read |
relegi |
to read again |
Suffixes
|
-aĉ |
filthy |
vetero |
weather |
veteraĉo |
foul weather |
|
-ad |
continuation |
studi |
to study |
studado |
act of studying |
|
-aĵ |
thing |
manĝi |
to eat |
manĝaĵo |
food |
|
-an |
member |
klubo |
club |
klubano |
club member |
|
-ar |
collection |
arbo |
tree |
arbaro |
forest |
|
-ebl |
possible |
vidi |
to see |
videbla |
visible |
|
-ec |
quality |
libera |
free |
libereco |
freedom |
|
-eg |
increases |
domo |
house |
domego |
mansion |
|
-ej |
place |
kuiri |
to cook |
kuirejo |
kitchen |
|
-em |
tendency |
paroli |
speak |
parolema |
talkative |
|
-er |
piece of |
polvo |
dust |
polvero |
dust mote |
|
-estr |
boss |
lernejo |
school |
lernejestro |
principal |
|
-et |
reduces |
domo |
house |
dometo |
cottage |
|
-id |
offspring |
kato |
cat |
katido |
kitten |
|
-iĝ |
become |
naski |
to bear |
naskiĝi |
to be born |
|
-ig |
causation |
dormi |
to sleep |
dormigi |
to put to sleep |
|
-il |
tool |
tranĉi |
to cut |
tranĉilo |
knife |
|
- |
worthy |
laŭdi |
to praise |
laŭdinda |
praiseworthy |
|
-ing |
socket |
kandelo |
candle |
kandelingo |
candlestick |
|
-ĉj |
male diminutive |
patro |
father |
paĉjo |
papa |
|
-in |
female |
avo |
grandfather |
avino |
grandmother |
|
-ism |
ideology |
Markso |
Marx (Karl) |
marksismo |
Marxism |
|
-ist |
professional |
baki |
to bake |
bakisto |
baker |
|
-nj |
female diminutive |
patrino |
mother |
panjo |
mama |
|
-op |
group |
tri |
3 |
triopo |
threesome |
|
-uj |
container |
cigaro |
cigar |
cigarujo |
cigar box |
|
-ul |
guy |
nova |
new |
novulo |
newbie/novice |